Cheap International Prepaid Phone Cards, Phone Cards, Calling Cards
Filed under Phone Cards
Welcome to Cheap Phone Cards - Calling Cards, Prepaid Cell Phones, and Mobile Refills
We appreciate your visit to our listing for business.
We provide the best phone calling card rates for you; Cheap, clean, and pinless phone cards for phoning anywhere long distances.
We offer the most aggressive rates and pricing on phone cards and prepaid cellular. We work on the lowest margins, have extremely high volume, and have low over head. This allows us to be very cheap. Compare us to any online calling card company and you will get more minutes and a better deal from us. For this, use our rate finder to find the best calling card rates for you at Rate Finder or search our Mobile Refill section for Prepaid Cellular Refill Cards.
Also, receive your phone card or Mobile Airtime in your E-Mail Within Seconds. Fast, Easy, Secure Online Shopping. Friendly customer service to help you out with all your cell phone and phone card questions. Our Reward Points program enables users to accumulate points each time they purchase a cell phone, a mobile refill card code, or a phonecard. Users can redeem their points for FREE purchase of phonecards or cellular airtime later. Frequent discounts, sales, and coupons become available. Exclusive and cheap online phone card store can be viewed at http://www.cheapphonecards.com.
By: Cheap Phone
About the Author:
We appreciate your visit to our listing for business.
We provide the best phone calling card rates for you; Cheap, clean, and pinless phone cards for phoning anywhere long distances.
We offer the most aggressive rates and pricing on phone cards and prepaid cellular. We work on the lowest margins, have extremely high volume, and have low over head. This allows us to be very cheap. Compare us to any online calling card company and you will get more minutes and a better deal from us. For this, use our rate finder to find the best calling card rates for you at Rate Finder or search our Mobile Refill section for Prepaid Cellular Refill Cards.
Also, receive your phone card or Mobile Airtime in your E-Mail Within Seconds. Fast, Easy, Secure Online Shopping. Friendly customer service to help you out with all your cell phone and phone card questions. Our Reward Points program enables users to accumulate points each time they purchase a cell phone, a mobile refill card code, or a phonecard. Users can redeem their points for FREE purchase of phonecards or cellular airtime later. Frequent discounts, sales, and coupons become available. Exclusive and cheap online phone card store can be viewed at http://www.cheapphonecards.com.
By: Cheap Phone
About the Author:
Great product from STI mobile and cheapphonecards.com is an excellent e-retailer. Cheap Prepaid Cell Phones and Prepaid Mobile airtime for STi Mobile, T mobile and many other pay as you go cellular companies. Cheap online phone card store can be found at http://www.cheapphonecards.com.
Using Texas VoIP Technology for Your Business Needs
Filed under Telephone Services
VoIP in Texas is becoming a growing trend in the recent years. Since 2004 the trend has skyrocketed not only among Texas VoIP subscribers but all around the country. Texas has and will remain to be a trend setter for the rest of the country since it is such a large state and very populated.
VoIP stands for Voice over Internet protocol. VoIP allows users to have normal phone access through an internet service provider but still use regular phone networks. Which helps users avoid unnecessary long distance charges? For companies the use of VoIP is more practical than regular phones because it allows the companies to cut major costs on their phone bills.
Several Texas VoIP users, especially larger companies, can gain a good advantage from the extras VoIP’s have to offer. Since almost every company uses multiple lines and VoIP’s in Texas can have more than one call going over the same connection at the same time it makes it simple for adding those multiple lines.
There are several other features that companies can enjoy from VoIP providers such as conference calling, caller ID, call forwarding, and automatic redial. Normal telephone companies charge a decent amount for each of these features where VoIP subscribers pay very little to nothing for them. Also since VoIP’s are already digital it makes for getting a secure line much easier as all they have to do is encrypt the already provided data stream.
Several other technology advancements are also coming into the market for Texas VoIP users. Since the VoIP phones are on the same data level as computers it opens up new possibilities for upcoming features such as call routing.
As with any technology though VoIP does have a couple of downfalls especially for VoIP in Texas. Since Texas has many hurricane issues the biggest problem with VoIP is that it runs off of modems. Which in turn run off regular power so in the case of Texas VoIP users if a hurricane causes the power to go out they won’t be able to use their phones?
Since normal phones don’t rely on traditional electric they are still preferred in some instances over the new technology. The other downfall is not as big but its still causes problems for some users. The fact that VoIP is hardly mobile makes some users skeptical to switch to it. However, with emerging technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMax it’s predicted that those new technologies will allow VoIP’s to be more mobile, universal, and more widely accepted.
Some Texas VoIP subscribers that are larger companies struggle with the problem of highly congested networks. Since VoIP is so easy to add lines to and expand the network it opens up the problem of momentary voice drop out and lower voice quality due to lost or delayed data packets. As technology advances though this problem will continue to diminish.
Although there are still some bugs to work out for VoIP’s in Texas, the convenience and cost effectiveness of the technology out weighs the downside for most Texas VoIP users.
By: Ray Clark
About the Author:
VoIP stands for Voice over Internet protocol. VoIP allows users to have normal phone access through an internet service provider but still use regular phone networks. Which helps users avoid unnecessary long distance charges? For companies the use of VoIP is more practical than regular phones because it allows the companies to cut major costs on their phone bills.
Several Texas VoIP users, especially larger companies, can gain a good advantage from the extras VoIP’s have to offer. Since almost every company uses multiple lines and VoIP’s in Texas can have more than one call going over the same connection at the same time it makes it simple for adding those multiple lines.
There are several other features that companies can enjoy from VoIP providers such as conference calling, caller ID, call forwarding, and automatic redial. Normal telephone companies charge a decent amount for each of these features where VoIP subscribers pay very little to nothing for them. Also since VoIP’s are already digital it makes for getting a secure line much easier as all they have to do is encrypt the already provided data stream.
Several other technology advancements are also coming into the market for Texas VoIP users. Since the VoIP phones are on the same data level as computers it opens up new possibilities for upcoming features such as call routing.
As with any technology though VoIP does have a couple of downfalls especially for VoIP in Texas. Since Texas has many hurricane issues the biggest problem with VoIP is that it runs off of modems. Which in turn run off regular power so in the case of Texas VoIP users if a hurricane causes the power to go out they won’t be able to use their phones?
Since normal phones don’t rely on traditional electric they are still preferred in some instances over the new technology. The other downfall is not as big but its still causes problems for some users. The fact that VoIP is hardly mobile makes some users skeptical to switch to it. However, with emerging technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMax it’s predicted that those new technologies will allow VoIP’s to be more mobile, universal, and more widely accepted.
Some Texas VoIP subscribers that are larger companies struggle with the problem of highly congested networks. Since VoIP is so easy to add lines to and expand the network it opens up the problem of momentary voice drop out and lower voice quality due to lost or delayed data packets. As technology advances though this problem will continue to diminish.
Although there are still some bugs to work out for VoIP’s in Texas, the convenience and cost effectiveness of the technology out weighs the downside for most Texas VoIP users.
By: Ray Clark
About the Author:
Ray Clark is the co-founder of Lan-Comm Technologies a San Antonio, Texas based voice, data, wireless, video, computer, networking and security technology company. Rated as one of the top Texas VOIP vendors based on their great service, experience and inexpensive prices.
Phone Cards for Fast, Cheap International Calls Calling Cards are Calling in Customers With Calling Card Conveniences
Filed under Phone Cards
Phone cards continue to grow with the lifestyles of the international calling consumer. Fast, cheap international calls are now possible with a multitude of conveniences and services that calling card companies have added on to increase the value of the calling card to the international calling consumer. Prepaid phone cards are no longer limited to convenience stores, and phone cards purchased over the Internet can be prepaid for convenience. Phone numbers and pin numbers for calling cards can be emailed instead of being scratched off, and speed dial shortcuts can be assigned to reduce the need for extravagant numeric entry that is typical of many store-bought phone cards.
Fast, cheap international calls can start with a calling card that is a prepaid phone card. If you do not make international calls on a regular basis, purchasing a prepaid phone card for cheap international calls is a fast way to get a card within your budget constraints. To find the cheapest rates for international calls, look beyond the rate charged per minute. Many cards charge a connection fee, which may not amount to much if you are using your prepaid phone card for only one or two international calls. However, if you frequently use calling cards to call overseas, connection charges can quickly devour the minutes on your phone card.
Frequent international callers will also want to look into the phone card’s rollover minute policy if they choose a monthly calling card plan. Many phone card companies will offer the convenience of rollover minutes with the convenience of an automatic refill of minutes if your phone card runs out of minutes at any time. Consumers that make frequent international calls should also look into their personal value-benefit of speed-dial options with certain phone cards, pin-less dialing and online calling history reports. Infrequent international callers may prefer a cheaper rate to these same features.
Phone cards are also available for international calls over various communication systems. Although phone cards were originally created for the classic (and soon archaic) land-line phone, phone cards are now frequently used with cell phones, and can also be used for VOIP, PDA, PC to Phone, WiFi, Web Calls, Texting, and Conference Calls.
Whether you are purchasing a prepaid or monthly phone card, or a phone card for domestic calls or cheap international calls, you should always thoroughly review every detail of the calling card. Fees for phone cards, both domestic and international, may include not only the minutes and connection fees, but may also include taxes, additional charges for placing payphone calls with the phone card, “maintenance” fees, and rounding fees. Many phone cards round up to one minute, yet others round up to four or even five minutes. If you frequently make your calls from hotels or airports, try and compare your phone call charges with any extra charges that may be incurred from your calling place. It’s often cheaper to use a prepaid phone card in a hotel than it is to pay the hotels fees – especially for international calls.
Phone cards will continue to grow in their sophistication. Mobile phone card ordering with the touch of a button is on the horizon. For now, fast, cheap international calls can be made with or without calling card conveniences. Phone card services can be tailored to your individual needs. Taking the time to search the Internet for a combination of the cheapest phone card rate and the most convenient calling card services for your personal needs can give you long-term savings with long-term satisfaction – or at least help you find the best phone card for a fast, cheap international call to the country of your choice.
By: Stephen Watson
About the Author:
Fast, cheap international calls can start with a calling card that is a prepaid phone card. If you do not make international calls on a regular basis, purchasing a prepaid phone card for cheap international calls is a fast way to get a card within your budget constraints. To find the cheapest rates for international calls, look beyond the rate charged per minute. Many cards charge a connection fee, which may not amount to much if you are using your prepaid phone card for only one or two international calls. However, if you frequently use calling cards to call overseas, connection charges can quickly devour the minutes on your phone card.
Frequent international callers will also want to look into the phone card’s rollover minute policy if they choose a monthly calling card plan. Many phone card companies will offer the convenience of rollover minutes with the convenience of an automatic refill of minutes if your phone card runs out of minutes at any time. Consumers that make frequent international calls should also look into their personal value-benefit of speed-dial options with certain phone cards, pin-less dialing and online calling history reports. Infrequent international callers may prefer a cheaper rate to these same features.
Phone cards are also available for international calls over various communication systems. Although phone cards were originally created for the classic (and soon archaic) land-line phone, phone cards are now frequently used with cell phones, and can also be used for VOIP, PDA, PC to Phone, WiFi, Web Calls, Texting, and Conference Calls.
Whether you are purchasing a prepaid or monthly phone card, or a phone card for domestic calls or cheap international calls, you should always thoroughly review every detail of the calling card. Fees for phone cards, both domestic and international, may include not only the minutes and connection fees, but may also include taxes, additional charges for placing payphone calls with the phone card, “maintenance” fees, and rounding fees. Many phone cards round up to one minute, yet others round up to four or even five minutes. If you frequently make your calls from hotels or airports, try and compare your phone call charges with any extra charges that may be incurred from your calling place. It’s often cheaper to use a prepaid phone card in a hotel than it is to pay the hotels fees – especially for international calls.
Phone cards will continue to grow in their sophistication. Mobile phone card ordering with the touch of a button is on the horizon. For now, fast, cheap international calls can be made with or without calling card conveniences. Phone card services can be tailored to your individual needs. Taking the time to search the Internet for a combination of the cheapest phone card rate and the most convenient calling card services for your personal needs can give you long-term savings with long-term satisfaction – or at least help you find the best phone card for a fast, cheap international call to the country of your choice.
By: Stephen Watson
About the Author:
Best Rates Call offers phone cards,
calling cards and
cheap international calls.
Proposed Planning of Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration
Filed under Online/Wireless
I. INTRODUCTION
In our present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. Especially the transmission and distribution losses are the main concern of the present power technology. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. We have to think of alternate state - of - art technology to transmit and distribute the electricity. Now- a- days global scenario has been changed a lot and there are tremendous development in every field. If we don’t keep pace with the development of new power technology we have to face a decreasing trend in the development of power sector. The transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission.
William C. Brown, the leading authority on wireless power transmission technology, has loaned this demonstration unit to the Texas Space Grant Consortium to show how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. A block diagram of the demonstration components is shown below. The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna.
Fig.1 Block of wireless power transmission
The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide section to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impedance.
The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.
A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a GaAs Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz.
II. THE TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE
In this remarkable discovery of the "True Wireless" and the principles upon which transmission and reception, even in the present day systems, are based, Dr. Nikola Tesla shows us that he is indeed the "Father of the Wireless." The most wellknown and famous Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) was designed and constructed mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power, rather than telegraphy [1]. The most popular concept known is Tesla Theory in which it was firmly believed that Wardenclyffe (Fig.2) would permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses [2]. In spite of this he had made numerous experiments of high quality to validate his claim of possibility of wireless transmission of electricity (Fig.3). But this was an unfortunate incidence that people of that century was not in a position to recognize his splendid work otherwise today we may transmit electricity wirelessly and will convert our mother earth a wonderful adobe full of electricity.
Fig.2. The 187-foot Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower)
The modern ideas are dominated by microwave power transmission (MPT, Figure 3) called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that energy into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical power.
Fig.3. The basis for Tesla’s system for the wireless transmission of electrical
power[3].
III. MERITS, DEMERITS & ECONOMICS OF
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 Merits
An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve many of these problems The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to the new systems, the market for wireless power transmission is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market.
The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even Faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future. These systems can only meet these requirements with 90–94 %efficient transmission [3, 8].
High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss: - To transmit
wireless power to any distance without limit. It makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the transmission can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are
practically no losses.
3.2. Demerits
Biological Impact: - One common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is very small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible [3, 8].
3.3.Economic Impact
The concept looks to be costly initially. The investment cost of Tesla Tower was $150,000 (1905). In terms of economic theory, many countries will benefit from this service. Only private, dispersed receiving stations will be needed. Just like television and radio, a single resonant energy receiver is required, which may eventually be built into appliances, so no power cord will be necessary! Monthly electric utility bills from old-fashioned, fossil-fuelled, lossprone electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much like “cable TV” of today. In the 21st century, “Direct TV” is the rage, which is an exact parallel of Tesla’s “Direct Electricity.”
IV. ADDITIONAL REMARKS
Many concepts, research papers, patents are available on wireless transmission of electricity but most research work were carried out in isolation, so it needs a joint collaborative efforts to get a very useful results on this advanced technology on power transmission for the benefit of mankind globally in future. Whatever the future may bring, the universal application of these great principles is fully assured, though it may be long in coming. With the opening of the first power plant, incredulity will give way to wonderment, and this to ingratitude, as ever before.
The world is still not able to achieve the benefit of the God gifted potential of Dr N.Tesla. People neglected him and his good work. He deserved much better treatment from the tycoons of his age, than to spend the last 40 years of his life in abject poverty. However, he was too much of a gentleman to hold a grudge. Instead, regarding the magnifying transmitter, Tesla wrote in his autobiography, “I am unwilling to accord to some small-minded and jealous individuals the satisfaction of having thwarted my efforts. These men are to me nothing more than microbes of a nasty disease. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time. But the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.” [3, 8-9]. If this has had not been happened, then today we will be in a wonder world of plenty of power using the technology of wireless transmission of electricity.
V. CONCLUSION
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention. Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 – 97 % efficient) and can be transmitted to any where in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible.
REFERENCES
[1] Nikola Tesla, “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace,” Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21, 1905.
[2] Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p. 91,1982.
[3] Thomas F. Valone, “ Tesla’s Wireless Energy... For the 21st Century!!! One Step Beyond Direct TV!!!” Extra Ordinary Technology, 1, no. 4, Oct / Nov / Dec 2003.
[4] James O. McSpadden, “ Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration”, Texas A&M University, June, 1997.
[5] Thomas W. Benson , “ Wireless transmission of power now possible”, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March , 1920.
[6] Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), “ System and method for wireless electrical power transmission”, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004.
[7] Joe T. Howell, et. al , “Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission”5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain,2004.
[8] Nikola Tesla, “ The true wireless”, Electrical Experiments ,May, 1919.
[9] Toby Grotz,” Wireless transmission of power”, Courtesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.
By: s.sankar
About the Author:
In our present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. Especially the transmission and distribution losses are the main concern of the present power technology. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. We have to think of alternate state - of - art technology to transmit and distribute the electricity. Now- a- days global scenario has been changed a lot and there are tremendous development in every field. If we don’t keep pace with the development of new power technology we have to face a decreasing trend in the development of power sector. The transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission.
William C. Brown, the leading authority on wireless power transmission technology, has loaned this demonstration unit to the Texas Space Grant Consortium to show how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. A block diagram of the demonstration components is shown below. The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna.
Fig.1 Block of wireless power transmission
The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide section to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impedance.
The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.
A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a GaAs Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz.
II. THE TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE
In this remarkable discovery of the "True Wireless" and the principles upon which transmission and reception, even in the present day systems, are based, Dr. Nikola Tesla shows us that he is indeed the "Father of the Wireless." The most wellknown and famous Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) was designed and constructed mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power, rather than telegraphy [1]. The most popular concept known is Tesla Theory in which it was firmly believed that Wardenclyffe (Fig.2) would permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses [2]. In spite of this he had made numerous experiments of high quality to validate his claim of possibility of wireless transmission of electricity (Fig.3). But this was an unfortunate incidence that people of that century was not in a position to recognize his splendid work otherwise today we may transmit electricity wirelessly and will convert our mother earth a wonderful adobe full of electricity.
Fig.2. The 187-foot Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower)
The modern ideas are dominated by microwave power transmission (MPT, Figure 3) called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that energy into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical power.
Fig.3. The basis for Tesla’s system for the wireless transmission of electrical
power[3].
III. MERITS, DEMERITS & ECONOMICS OF
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 Merits
An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve many of these problems The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to the new systems, the market for wireless power transmission is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market.
The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even Faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future. These systems can only meet these requirements with 90–94 %efficient transmission [3, 8].
High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss: - To transmit
wireless power to any distance without limit. It makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the transmission can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are
practically no losses.
3.2. Demerits
Biological Impact: - One common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is very small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible [3, 8].
3.3.Economic Impact
The concept looks to be costly initially. The investment cost of Tesla Tower was $150,000 (1905). In terms of economic theory, many countries will benefit from this service. Only private, dispersed receiving stations will be needed. Just like television and radio, a single resonant energy receiver is required, which may eventually be built into appliances, so no power cord will be necessary! Monthly electric utility bills from old-fashioned, fossil-fuelled, lossprone electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much like “cable TV” of today. In the 21st century, “Direct TV” is the rage, which is an exact parallel of Tesla’s “Direct Electricity.”
IV. ADDITIONAL REMARKS
Many concepts, research papers, patents are available on wireless transmission of electricity but most research work were carried out in isolation, so it needs a joint collaborative efforts to get a very useful results on this advanced technology on power transmission for the benefit of mankind globally in future. Whatever the future may bring, the universal application of these great principles is fully assured, though it may be long in coming. With the opening of the first power plant, incredulity will give way to wonderment, and this to ingratitude, as ever before.
The world is still not able to achieve the benefit of the God gifted potential of Dr N.Tesla. People neglected him and his good work. He deserved much better treatment from the tycoons of his age, than to spend the last 40 years of his life in abject poverty. However, he was too much of a gentleman to hold a grudge. Instead, regarding the magnifying transmitter, Tesla wrote in his autobiography, “I am unwilling to accord to some small-minded and jealous individuals the satisfaction of having thwarted my efforts. These men are to me nothing more than microbes of a nasty disease. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time. But the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.” [3, 8-9]. If this has had not been happened, then today we will be in a wonder world of plenty of power using the technology of wireless transmission of electricity.
V. CONCLUSION
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention. Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 – 97 % efficient) and can be transmitted to any where in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible.
REFERENCES
[1] Nikola Tesla, “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace,” Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21, 1905.
[2] Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p. 91,1982.
[3] Thomas F. Valone, “ Tesla’s Wireless Energy... For the 21st Century!!! One Step Beyond Direct TV!!!” Extra Ordinary Technology, 1, no. 4, Oct / Nov / Dec 2003.
[4] James O. McSpadden, “ Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration”, Texas A&M University, June, 1997.
[5] Thomas W. Benson , “ Wireless transmission of power now possible”, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March , 1920.
[6] Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), “ System and method for wireless electrical power transmission”, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004.
[7] Joe T. Howell, et. al , “Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission”5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain,2004.
[8] Nikola Tesla, “ The true wireless”, Electrical Experiments ,May, 1919.
[9] Toby Grotz,” Wireless transmission of power”, Courtesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.
By: s.sankar
About the Author:
Assistant professor in lord venkateswara engineering college.I am doing phd in sathyabama university, Tamil Nadu,India.
Telecommunications in Pakistan – the Unfolding Revolution
Filed under Telecommunications
For a country beset by recent natural disasters, political instability and a host of other economic and social problems, telecommunications in Pakistan has witnessed substantial growth over the past few years despite the odds. In an interview with BusinessWeek, a senior IT Minister has described the growth in Pakistan’s telecommunication industry as “an absolute revolution”. Deregulation, which had its humble beginnings in 2003, has led to privatization of Pakistan’s telecom industry and can be singled out as the factor that has driven growth in this critical sector of the country’s economy.
In mid 2005, Pakistan government sold its 26% stake in the country’s top, fixed-line institution – Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) to the Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) to further strengthen the deregulation process. Such economic reforms are driving the telecom industry to new heights. Since 2003, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has awarded in excess of 200 mobile, fixed and long distance licenses to 50 companies. This has resulted in substantial increase in competition spanning a wide spectrum of telecom services and fuelled further by Etisalat’s controlling share of PTCL.
Telecom Industry watchers affirm that a major part of growth will be witnessed in mobile telephony. According to 2006 statistics, teledensity across the country jumped from a mere 6.3% to over 23.7% over the precious year and is predicted to reach 30% by the years 2009-2010. This would signify an additional 30 million fixed and mobile telephone lines. In a population of 162.4 million (as of 2006), Pakistan had 5.37 million fixed telephone lines. However, within a year, mobile subscriptions surged to over 19.6 million, making this, as telecom experts assert, one of the most rapidly expanding mobile phone markets in the world. Ufone, a subsidiary of PAK Telecom Mobile Limited (PTML) in turn, wholly owned by PTCL, surpassed the 5 million subscriber mark in 2006 while GSM newcomer Warid Telecom attracted 3 million mobile telephone customers in the same year.
It’s true that major players and the highly competitive trends in Pakistan’s Telecommunication sector are driving growth. However, a major factor that is also contributing to revenue and growth in this sector, can also be attributed to the large Pakistani expatriate communities across the Middle East together with the Diaspora of millions of non-resident Pakistanis in Western countries, particularly the US and UK. The latter segment of users, account for a phenomenal number of international telephone calls that translate into millions of dollars in terms of value.
According to government officials and telecom industry analysts, the main beneficiaries of the revolution that is being witnessed by the Pakistan telecommunication industry are the consumers and businesses. As competition grows, all leading telecom players have reduced tariffs and are substantially improving service quality. This, in turn, is giving the Pakistan economy a much needed boost. As Pakistan comprises of large cities and towns as well as thousands of little villages spread over virtually inaccessible terrain, the government is now lending its full support to all major telecom companies to increase reach and penetration of telecommunication services throughout the country. This, may not be an easy task, however, in view of the dramatic growth of Pakistan’s telecommunication industry, this dream of nationwide connectivity is not impossible. Until then, the revolution in this critical sector of Pakistan’s economy moves confidently ahead.
By: Rachel Tusker
About the Author:
In mid 2005, Pakistan government sold its 26% stake in the country’s top, fixed-line institution – Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) to the Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) to further strengthen the deregulation process. Such economic reforms are driving the telecom industry to new heights. Since 2003, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has awarded in excess of 200 mobile, fixed and long distance licenses to 50 companies. This has resulted in substantial increase in competition spanning a wide spectrum of telecom services and fuelled further by Etisalat’s controlling share of PTCL.
Telecom Industry watchers affirm that a major part of growth will be witnessed in mobile telephony. According to 2006 statistics, teledensity across the country jumped from a mere 6.3% to over 23.7% over the precious year and is predicted to reach 30% by the years 2009-2010. This would signify an additional 30 million fixed and mobile telephone lines. In a population of 162.4 million (as of 2006), Pakistan had 5.37 million fixed telephone lines. However, within a year, mobile subscriptions surged to over 19.6 million, making this, as telecom experts assert, one of the most rapidly expanding mobile phone markets in the world. Ufone, a subsidiary of PAK Telecom Mobile Limited (PTML) in turn, wholly owned by PTCL, surpassed the 5 million subscriber mark in 2006 while GSM newcomer Warid Telecom attracted 3 million mobile telephone customers in the same year.
It’s true that major players and the highly competitive trends in Pakistan’s Telecommunication sector are driving growth. However, a major factor that is also contributing to revenue and growth in this sector, can also be attributed to the large Pakistani expatriate communities across the Middle East together with the Diaspora of millions of non-resident Pakistanis in Western countries, particularly the US and UK. The latter segment of users, account for a phenomenal number of international telephone calls that translate into millions of dollars in terms of value.
According to government officials and telecom industry analysts, the main beneficiaries of the revolution that is being witnessed by the Pakistan telecommunication industry are the consumers and businesses. As competition grows, all leading telecom players have reduced tariffs and are substantially improving service quality. This, in turn, is giving the Pakistan economy a much needed boost. As Pakistan comprises of large cities and towns as well as thousands of little villages spread over virtually inaccessible terrain, the government is now lending its full support to all major telecom companies to increase reach and penetration of telecommunication services throughout the country. This, may not be an easy task, however, in view of the dramatic growth of Pakistan’s telecommunication industry, this dream of nationwide connectivity is not impossible. Until then, the revolution in this critical sector of Pakistan’s economy moves confidently ahead.
By: Rachel Tusker
About the Author:
Rachel is an expect on the UK broadband and telecoms industry including technical developments in broadband and also the products offered by broadband and telecoms providers. She also advised in the creation of the broadband comparison service and the cheap international calls service.